ribosome

Because ribosomes are so important to cells, changes in RNA sequences could prove a disaster.

These mRNAs would pass these instructions onto the ribosomes, the cellular protein and peptide-making machines, which would assemble them accordingly.

Once inside the cells, the “protein-making factories,” or ribosomes, use these instructions to build copies of the spike protein.

Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania were able to create mRNA that could get past cells’ defenses, but still be recognized by the ribosome.

Then, the RNA brings these instructions to the ribosome, which “reads” them.